Child Abuse and its Role in Bastard Out of Carolina by...

While reading the semi-autobiographical, Bastard Out of Carolina, by Dorothy Allison, I was stunned by the explicit nature of the novel. We were introduced to a young narrator and protagonist named, Ruth Anne â€Å"Bone† Boatwright. Bones family, like that of the author, experienced a impoverished life, all the while she tried to find her place in a society that had literally labeled her â€Å"illegitimate.† Merriam-Webster defines illegitimate as being: (1) not recognized as lawful offspring; specifically: born of parents not married to each other (2) not rightly deduced or inferred- illogical (3) departing for the regular- erratic (4) not sanctioned by law- illegal (5) not authorized by good usage. As a young girl, how would it feel being†¦show more content†¦It was not until the early 1870s that child abuse was first brought into light. The Child-Protection Movement started with the news of one eight year-old orphan named Mary Ellen Wilson. After the passi ng of her biological mother and father, Mary Ellen was left in the care of her biological fathers widow, Mary McCormack Connolly. Mrs. McCormack Connolly badly mistreated Mary Ellen, and neighbors in the building were well aware of the childs predicament (Mary Ellen Wilson, 2013). It was not until Etta Angell Wheeler, a caring Methodist mission worker, visited the residence and noticed Mary Ellens condition. Ms. Wheeler describes her first meeting with Mary Ellen, as such: â€Å"It was December and the weather bitterly cold. She was a tiny mite, the size of five years, though, as afterward appeared, she was then nine. From a pan set upon a low stool she stood washing dishes, struggling with a frying pan about as heavy as herself. Across the table lay a brutal whip of twisted leather strands and the childs meagre arms and legs bore many marks of its use. But the saddest part of her story was written on her face in its look of suppression and misery, the face of a child unloved, of a child that had seen only the fearsome side of life. These things I saw while seeming not to see, and I left without speaking to, or of, the child. I neverShow MoreRelatedI Am My Mother s Abuser2054 Words   |  9 Pagesfurther apart. I found myself in my own physically abuse relationship at the age of fourteen till seventeen. When I look at myself, I see so much of my mother and the women she is. The most complex relationship a female will have is the one with her own mother. Because of this natural and special connection that exists between a mother and her daughter. A mother is eeply connected to their daughter as soon as she gives birth to her. She believes this child is everything that is good and innocent within

Adolescence And Emerging Adults Adolescence - 2029 Words

Adolescence is a period of various biological, cognitive and socio-emotional changes. The storm and stress view of adolescence sees this developmental period as a turbulent time period with stress, conflict and mood swings. In-between the transition from adolescence to adulthood, a period called emerging adulthood occurs between 18 to 25 years of age. During this period the emerging adult explores identity, opportunities and independence. This is a period of instability for the emerging adult in various fronts such as work, love and education (Santrock, 2014). Being a time period of changes and identity formation, a wide spectrum of problems affects adolescence and emerging adults. The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes that biological factors, psychological factors and social factors interact together and influence the problems faced by adolescence and emerging adults. During adolescence and emerging adulthood, various problems such as drug abuse, emotional problems, relationship problems and academic problems affect individuals due to various risk factors. Risk factors are predictors of problems that an individual may face. The risk factors do not guarantee that an individual would develop the problems; it instead predicts that individuals may have an elevated probability of developing the related problems (Santrock, 2014). A scale developed by Peter Benson suggests 40 developmental assets, both internal and external factors that adolescence need in order to facilitateShow MoreRelatedEssay on Developmental Issues That Come with Emerging Adulthood901 Words   |  4 PagesTopic- Developmental issues that come with emerging adulthood (Transition from adolescence to young adulthood) Adolescence is the transitional period in a persons life time that links childhood and adulthood. 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I did not think as much into the fact the adolescence is so different in many cultures. I thought everyoneRead MoreAdolesent Self-Portrait Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesadulthood.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Christine Bachrach  (Adolescence Quotes | Quotes about Adolescence, n.d.). Adolescence is a time to dramatic change, challenges, and growth, it is a miraculous that anyone survives. The experience of adolescence has not changed much until recently because of the access to technology. Prior to this adolescence was a predictable period of growth, a rite of passage for many young people. What it feels like to be an adolescent Adolescence is a time of self-discovery; it isRead MoreAdolescence : Everything Changes? Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesAdolescence: Everything Changes Adolescence is a transitional stage of development that has been defined as starting with puberty and lasting the years a person is roughly aged ten to twenty. Dramatic changes take place during adolescence; no other time period of a person’s life except infancy contains so much development into such a short time span. Puberty has historically been viewed as the starting point of adolescence and several factors play a role in determining the timing of puberty suchRead MoreEmerging Adulthood As A Group Of Individuals Who Lack Discipline And Express Self Destructive Behavior1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe older generations view emerging adulthood as a group of individuals who lack discipline and express self-destructive behavior’s for no apparent reason, however studies have shown that it is more complex and dynamic than just lacking discipline. The group comprising emerging adults surpasses every other group in the use of drugs, alcohol, and sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s). Emerging adults have a feeling of being â€Å"in-between† and are focused on figuring out who they are while trying toRead MoreEmerging Adulthood : A Step Up From Childhood1102 Words   |  5 PagesIn sociology, emerging adulthood is the period in time of an person’s life where they are between adolescence and adulthood. This term was proposed by Jeffrey Arnett, a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Clark University, in an article called American Psychologist. In the article he describes emerging adults as young individuals who do not have their own children, don’t own a home, or do not have a sufficient source of income to become completely independent (Arnett, 2000). There is anotherRead MoreArticle Analysis of Lynn Smiths Betwixt and Bewildered: Scholars are Intrigued by the Angst of Emerging Adults1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe article Betwixt and Bewildered: Scholars are Intrigued by the Angst of Emerging Adults by Lynn Smith discu sses a societal trend towards young adults (18-25) who are struggling to achieve the traditional markers of adulthood. The article covers some of the scholarly debate of the subject, wherein some researchers accept the phenomenon, others reject it, and between them they find little in the way of clear definition of the problem and its ramifications. There are some interesting points toRead MoreAdolescence Is Defined By The Novel The Scarlet Letter 890 Words   |  4 Pages​According to out textbook, adolescence is defined â€Å"as the period of transition between children and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes† (Santrock, 2014). According to Santrock there are two stages in adolescence, late and early adolescence. Early Adolescence corresponds to the middle school or junior high school years and includes most pubertal changes, while late adolescence refers approximately to the latter half of the second decade of life. In the film

Parabolic Dish Receiver

Question: Describe about the Parabolic Dish Receiver? Answer: Introduction Parabola is a mathematical term that shows a curve bulging inside. Parabolic antennas or called as parabolic dish are very useful in high-gain antennas for point to point communication that carries data or information from one point to another. The antenna is a term that refers to an electrical conductor and carries two related terms with it termed as transmitter (that will radiate electromagnetic energy into space) and receiver (it will collect electromagnetic energy from space). Communication medium is the most valuable area in networks and in the world of communication systems today. Combination of guided and unguided medium made it possible to communicate among various networks. As the field and study of radiations and antennas is vast one, incomplete information does not make sense and that was a major reason to select such project that will enhance the knowledge of communication networks through microwave radiations with to make a parabolic dish receiver located at the fixed focus of dish. The IEEE definition of an antenna as given by Stutzman and Thiele is, That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves. Theory of Operation Overview Basically a parabolic antenna has a parabolic reflector that reflects from its focus point. We can take an example of a parabolic reflector with diagram which is as follows:- The reflector can be of various materials like sheet metal, wire grill construction etc., a metal screen reflects radio waves that comes to it and that are linearly polarized. System Structure There are some principles and parameters associated with the parabolic antenna and they are as follows:- b.1. Antenna Gain- this is a measure that has the ability to direct input the waves in particular direction and measured at the radiations on its intensity of working. An isotropic antenna can increase the intensity of its peak and it is given by: S = P0/4R2 Gain can be achieved by directing the radiations in different ways based on their patterns. b.2 Antenna efficiency- it can br measured through the integral of the radiation over the radiation input power and can be measured according to the antenna efficiency. b.3 effective area-antenna captures through passing the waves and passing the data to the data terminals who are ready to send and receive the data and power is delivered to the terminals and that will be a product of the same. b.4 directivity-is the measure of concentration that a radiations has on the dish that gives it a power. Taking an example of radiation intensity It can be plotted as a 3D graph or as a 2D polar or Cartesian slice of this 3D graph. It is an extremely parameter as it shows the antennas directivity as well as gain at various points in space. It serves as the signature of an antenna and one look at it is often enough to realize the antenna that produced it. b.5 Beam width- The angular width of the beam radiated by high-gain antennas is measured Example of equations is as follows- For parabolic antennas, the HPBWis given by: wherekis a factor which varies slightly depending on the shape of the reflector and the feed illumination pattern. For an ideal uniformly illuminated parabolic reflector andin degrees,kwould be 57.3 (the number of degrees in a radian). For a "typical" parabolic antennakis approximately 70. For a typical 2 metersatellite dishoperating onC band(4GHz), this formula gives a beamwidth of about 2.6. For the Arecibo antenna at 2.4GHz the beamwidth is 0.028. It can be seen that parabolic antennas can produce very narrow beams, and aiming them can be a problem. Some parabolic dishes are equipped with aboresightso they can be aimed accurately at the other antenna. It can be seen there is an inverse relation between gain and beam width. By combining the beamwidth equation with the gain equation, the relation is Block Operation Diagrammatically, microwave radiations can be represented as follows undertaking the development part of the hardware for the same that is given below:- Internal eg. :- Technical The example of focal length calculation is as follows:- Determining the focal length of a parabolic dish (axi-symmetric, circular) Focal length = f Depth = c Diameter = D f = ( D * D ) / ( 16 * c ) Measure the depth using a tight fishing line across the dish and a rule to measure depth c. Parabolic dish showing measurements needed to determine focallength. Project Narration Communication medium is the most valuable area in networks and in the world of communication systems today. Combination of guided and unguided medium made it possible to communicate among various networks.As the field and study of radiations and antennas is vast one, incomplete information does not make sense and that was a major reason to select such project that will enhance the knowledge of communication networks through microwave radiations with to make a parabolic dish receiver located at the fixed focus of dish. Parabolic antenna works on the principle of a point source of radio waves which mets at the focal point of reflector, also known as paraboloidal reflector of material which will be reflected into a plain surface beam along the axis of the reflector. Validation Basically a parabolic antenna has a parabolic reflector that reflects from its focus point. As the field and study of radiations and antennas is vast one,The reflector can be of various materials like sheet metal, wire grill construction etc., a metal screen reflects radio waves that comes to it and that are linearly polarized. Conclusions Concluding the report a parabolic antenna works on the principle of a point source of radio waves which meets at the focal point of reflector, also known as paraboloidal reflector of material which will be reflected into a plain surface beam along the axis of the reflector. Antenna Gain is a measure that has the ability to direct input the waves in particular direction and measured at the radiations on its intensity of working. Bibliography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_antenna https://www.satsig.net/focal-length-parabolic-dish.htm

Sissy and Louisa Essay Example

Sissy and Louisa Paper During the course of Book one, Dickens introduces us to both Sissy and Louisa. He presents them very differently and therefore immediately gives us a sense of their contrasting values. From this Book, we learn much about both characters and it is made clear that due to their different upbringings they have very different views on life. Even from the outset of the novel Sissy is identified with a heavenly light and her dark-eyed and dark-haired nature appeared to give her a lustrous colour from the sun. This suggests that she is at her best when surrounded by warmth and love. Dickens emphasises Sissys uniqueness when he says that only she, out of all the class is irradiated by the ray of sunlight. This shows that Sissy is different from all the members of her class and enables the reader to see her, for the first time, as the angelic character that she is. Louisa, being one of Thomas Gradgrinds children, has clearly had a very different upbringing to that of Sissy. She is first seen curiously peeping with all her might at the goings-on at the horse-riding performance. Her action is symbolic of her yearning to experience more than the hard scientific facts she has learnt all her life. We will write a custom essay sample on Sissy and Louisa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sissy and Louisa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sissy and Louisa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She claims to have been tired a long time of her life devoid of emotions and the fact that she instinctively seeks romance and laughter when all she has known are theories and statistics, shows that she is viewed by Dickens as a pathetic product of her fathers philosophy. The entry of Sissy into the Gradgrind household proves to be an influential factor in the eventual resolution of repressive situations in this novel. Sissy represents what the Gradgrind children could have been without their fathers strict confinements. She is innocent, with an inviolable capacity for Fancy. Even when living under Gradgrinds constant onslaught of Fact, the upbringing that finds his children to be repressed is never enough to deny her childish personality. Louisa develops a childhood relationship with Sissy, cultivating her need for Fancy in small steps. Sissy clearly represents everything that is suppressed within Louisa. It is Sissy who begins to enlighten her of the wonders of emotions, thus highlighting Louisas lack of them beforehand. Unlike Sissy, she appears to have no real understanding of love. She asks her father if he asks [her] to love Mr Bounderby, suggesting that she doesnt understand about this emotions and feels it is something that can simply be acquired. Louisa is confined and nai ve. She knows little about life itself and therefore is very interested in Sissys stories. She is especially curious of Sissys relationship with her father, as this is quite alien to her. Sissy had a very loving and tender relationship with her father, who is described to dote upon her. When Sissy leaves her circus family, her departure is a very emotional one and she is clearly very attached to her friends. She feels that to abandon her circus origins will break [her] heart, a concept that Louisa is not familiar with. Sissy comes from a world of music, nature and drama. She has been brought up very differently from Louisa and consequently has been taught to appreciate different things. Whereas Louisa sees important in maths and science, Sissy values her father and his love for her. Sissys animated character and her enthusiasm to learn contrasts greatly with Louisas emotionless vocabulary and jaded, apathetic state of mind. Their differences in upbringing and in life in general, allow them to form a relationship where their contrasting views are shown evermore present. Throughout the first book, we understand that Louisa is clearly fascinated by Sissy different background. When Sissy enters the Gradgrind household she is warned never to speak of her past life, and from constant encouragement by Louisa to disobey her father in this sense, we can understand that she has the potential to appreciate her emotions.

The Financial Crisis Impacts on East Asian States

The Financial Crisis Impacts on East Asian States Introduction East Asian crisis of 1997/1989 is listed among the most transmittable economic crises in the last two decades (Shambaugh Yahuda, 2009, p. 5). Countries which were most affected include Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and South Korea. However, the crisis also affected other economies like China, Singapore and Taiwan. This crisis started as a speculative attack on Thailand’s economy in mid 1997 but quickly spread to the neighbouring economies. By October 1997, Thai currency had fallen by approximately 40 percent, Philippine and Malaysian currencies by 30 percent and the rest of East Asian currencies by 35 to 40 percent against the American dollar.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial Crisis Impacts on East Asian States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The worst hit economies experienced grave socio-economic and political challenges (Lane, 1999, p. 5). This crisis later took a ne w dimension, commonly known as twin crisis. The policy response to the currency crisis later led to a crisis in the financial institutions. This took place mainly in South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. This crisis caused total chaos in Indonesia due to its impact in the political and economic front. However, Taiwan and Singapore escaped without dire consequences. Republic of China, particularly Hong Kong took ground-breaking steps to avert the effect of the crisis (Radelet Sachs, 2001, p. 2). The financial crisis was attributed to the advent of globalization. However, there are numerous alternative explanations on the cause of this crisis. Frankel and Kose (1996, p.352) attributed the looming crisis to flagging fundamentals. In other words, huge budgetary deficits, increased money supply, massive deficits in the current account, and reserve losses. They explain that when these principle elements are not consistent with monetary supply they can cause speculative attack. Lane (1999, p. 8) attribute it to moral hazards such as lack of transparency which leads to selection challenges making the economy defenceless. These vulnerabilities can be hidden until the crisis hit. He also adds that economies’ inability to service outstanding short-term debts may have caused the crisis. Radelet and Sachs (2001, p. 12) argued that herding and panicking may have forced rational investors to pull out their investment in anticipation of the crisis. This paper will focus only on three countries: Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand. Pre-Crisis Before the crisis, these countries were experiencing stellar economic growth. Their GDP grew very rapidly at two digits from 1990 to 1996. With their cumulative growth rate being over 110 percent in the seven year period, there is no wonder economists referred to them as miracle economies. However, when the crisis hit between 1997 and1998, these countries were most affected (Berger, 2003, p.388). Experts argue that the cu rrent account deficit might have played a huge role in the currency crisis in these three countries. Prior to the crisis, these three countries had massive current account deficit. Their percentages were way above five percent which many would regard as very risky. It is believed that the high economic growth experienced in the three countries before the crisis was boosted by massive import of capital goods at the expense of exports. This may have contributed to the massive deficit in the current account (Calder Ye, 2010, p. 25; McDougall, 2007, p. 5). In addition, the gap between investment and saving may have also contributed to the current account deficit. Even though East Asian is generally well known for high saving rate, the high level of investment required to sustain the rapid growth rate during the seven-year period meant that the three countries were spending more than they were saving (McDougall, 2007, p. 6).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the theories of international economics, current account deficit should be equal to the current account surplus. Current account surplus is therefore the flipside of the current account deficit (Kevin, 2011, p.10). In the seven-year period (1990-1996), South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand had capital account surplus. In other words, they had strong capital inflows. A large capital inflow is not necessarily an issue, but inflows (in forms of short term debts) can be very problematic to the economy. Given the high level of competition especially from the emerging Asian giants (Indian and China), foreign direct investment was declining thus necessitating these kinds of inflows to fuel rapidly growing economy. In 1996, total foreign loan as a percentage of gross domestic products was estimated to be over 40 percent in Thailand, 25 percent in South Korea, and 22 percent in Malaysia (MacIn tyre, Pempel Ravenhill, 2008, p. 45). On the other hand, short term debts constituted more than 75 percent of the total loan in South Korea, 65 percent in Thailand, and 56 percent in Malaysia. Therefore, these countries relied heavily on short term loans to fuel their economies (Kevin, 2011, p.10). The crisis was further aggravated by exchange rate regime and financial liberation (Calder Ye, 2010, p. 26). Thailand, South Korea and Malaysia were on a quasi-peg system with their monetary policies being regulated within narrow bands. Even though quasi-peg system minimises currency volatility, local currency policies must conform to the pegged currency. Since all these countries peg their currency against the U.S dollar, their policies put a lot of pressure on the exchange rate. Furthermore, the inflation rate for these countries was above 5 percent compared to the United State’s 2.5 percent (Calder Ye, 2010, p. 27). As expected, the currency should have depreciated against th e dollar. However, since the exchange rate system in these countries strived to stabilize the currency, it led to overestimation of currency values in a number of ways. In addition to their low level of global reserves, the three countries became more vulnerable to speculative attack. The exchange rate vulnerability coupled with financial liberalization meant that the build-up in vulnerability was unavoidable (MacIntyre, Pempel Ravenhill, 2008, p. 45). The factors that precipitated susceptibility to the actual crisis were the speculative attack on Thailand’s currency in mid 1997. The early attack was massive and extended to other countries within East Asia. The crisis exposed Thai Central Bank which had reported deceptive figures on usable reserves (Lane, 1999, p. 8). The financial crisis was similar to the crisis that hit Mexico in 1995 and the difference was only on the excessive capital outflow.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial Crisi s Impacts on East Asian States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Within the first quarter of the crisis only, Thailand’s estimated capital flight was almost 30 percent of gross domestic product. This was way too high than the figure recorded in Mexico during the 1995 crisis (McDougall, 2007, p. 10). The excessive capital outflow was as a result of the response to the susceptibilities that had accumulated and at that particular moment, it was observed through depreciating currencies (Radelet Sachs, 2001, p. 17). The three main elements of this crisis were capital outflow, minimum reserves, and volatile interest rates. Having to defend capital flight that was destabilizing their currencies and low international reserves, the central banks in Thailand, South Korea and Malaysia had no other option but to float their currencies and increase interest rates to avert total economic breakdown. Given their exceedingly leveraged economies, incre asing interest rates in these countries was very agonizing and had undesired effects (Calder Ye, 2010, p. 29). The initial currency crisis led into another crisis in the local banking sector. The real sector also felt the impact of the rising interest rates since the rate of defaulters also increased. The severity of this crisis was evident in contracted GDP. The average GDP growth for the three economies during the crisis fell below 9 percent in contrast to 11 percent witnessed before the crisis. The monetary sector also experienced similar radical contraction (Radelet Sachs, 2001, p. 17). Post-crisis Initially, Thailand, Malaysia and South Korea embraced policies that had contracting effect. The principle objective of these policies was to stabilize the economy. This lasted from August 1997 to almost September 1998. Afterwards, they started using expansionary/pro-growth policies (Berger, 2003, p.389). If the pace and extent at which these economies went down were astounding, the pace of their recovery was similarly astonishing. By August 1999, real GDP for these countries had become positive. Economic growth in Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand got a boost from the strong growth in the global economy. With all of these countries witnessing positive growth in the economy, the recovery process was genuine. Undoubtedly, South Korea registered the strongest recovery (Calder Ye, 2010, p. 30). Even though the macroeconomic policies embraced by these countries were the same, their policy response was not the same. Given the massive capital flight and its impact on the economy, these countries had to either avert the situation or find new inflows to prevent total economic collapse (MacIntyre, Pempel Ravenhill, 2008, p. 46). Malaysia opted to impose policies that regulated capital outflow and fixed its currency. However, Thailand and South Korea preferred the IMF route. In other words, they accepted huge financial packages from the International Monetary Fund. S outh Korea received 58 billion dollars while Thailand was given 36 billion dollars. Nevertheless, the IMF packages came with conditions. Besides the official financing, these countries (South Korea and Thailand) were required to adopt structural reforms and embrace new macroeconomic policies. Even though the path chosen by these countries were not the same, their macroeconomic policies were almost similar (Radelet Sachs, 2001, p. 17). The main aim of the IMF’s structural reform was leveraging. This was to be accomplished in two stages. First, these countries had to tidy up the mess created by the crisis, and this was to be followed by reinforcing the remaining structures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first step entailed resuscitation of the vital institutions and closing down the institutions that were not viable. South Korea and Thailand conformed to these standard procedures. However, Malaysia preferred a different path. It opted to absorb unviable institutions instead of doing away with them. The second part of structural reforms was largely the same in these countries (MacIntyre, Pempel Ravenhill, 2008, p. 48). Conclusion From the study, it is very clear that before crisis started East Asian countries had started to show flaws and vulnerabilities. This conforms to a number of literatures explored in the current study. As noted earlier, the three main elements of the crisis were capital outflow, minimum reserves, and volatile interest rates. Having to defend capital flight that was destabilizing their currencies and low international reserves, the central banks in Thailand, South Korea and Malaysia had no other option but to take necessary steps to avert the crisis. Even though these countries followed different paths to stabilize the economy, they employed almost identical macroeconomic policies. References Berger, T. U. 2003, Power and Purpose in Pacific East Asia: A Constructivist Interpretation. In G. J. Ikenberry and M. Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 387-419. Calder, K. Ye, M. 2010, The Making of Northeast Asia, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Frankel, J. Kose, A. K. 1996, ‘Currency crashes in emerging markets: an empirical treatment’, Journal of International Economics, vol.41, pp. 351-366. Kevin, G. C. 2011, The Political Economy of East Asia: Regional and National Dimensions, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Lane, T. 1999, ‘The Asian financial crisis: what have we learned?’ Finance Development, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 5-45. MacIntyre, A., Pempel, T. J. Ravenhill, J. 2008, Crisis as Catalyst: Asias Dynamic Political Economy, Cornell U niversity Press. McDougall, D. 2007, Asia Pacific in World Politics, Lynne Rienner Pub., Boulder, Colorado. Shambaugh, D. Yahuda, M. 2009, International Relations of Asia, Rowman Littlefield publishers, Inc. ISBN: 978-0742556959.

John Bell Hood in the Civil War

John Bell Hood in the Civil War Early Life Career: John Bell Hood was born either June 1 or 29, 1831, to Dr. John W. Hood and Theodosia French Hood at Owingsville, KY. Though his father did not wish a military career for his son, Hood was inspired by his grandfather, Lucas Hood, who, in 1794, had fought with Major General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers during the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795). Obtaining an appointment to West Point from his uncle, Representative Richard French, he entered school in 1849. An average student, he was nearly expelled by Superintendent Colonel Robert E. Lee for an unauthorized visit to a local tavern. In the same class as Philip H. Sheridan, James B. McPherson, and John Schofield, Hood also received instruction from future adversary George H. Thomas.   Nicknamed Sam and ranked 44th of 52, Hood graduated in 1853, and was assigned to the 4th US Infantry in California. Following peaceful duty on the West Coast, he was reunited with Lee in 1855, as part of Colonel Albert Sidney Johnstons 2nd US Cavalry in Texas. Adopting the struck in the hand by a Comanche arrow near Devils River, TX during a routine patrol from Fort Mason. The following year, Hood received a promotion to first lieutenant. Three years later, he was assigned to West Point as Chief Instructor of Cavalry. Concerned about the growing tensions between the states, Hood requested to remain with the 2nd Cavalry. This was granted by the US Army Adjutant General, Colonel Samuel Cooper, and he stayed in Texas. Early Campaigns of the Civil War: With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, Hood immediately resigned from the US Army. Enlisting in the Confederate Army at Montgomery, AL, he quickly moved through the ranks. Ordered to Virginia to serve with Brigadier General John B. Magruders cavalry, Hood earned early fame for a skirmish near Newport News on July 12, 1861. As his native Kentucky remained in the Union, Hood elected to represent his adopted state of Texas and on September 30, 1861, was appointed as colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry. After a brief period in this post, he was given command of the Texas Brigade on February 20, 1862, and promoted to brigadier general the following month. Assigned to General Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Northern Virginia, Hoods men were in reserve at Seven Pines in late May as Confederate forces worked to halt Major General George McClellans advance up the Peninsula. In the fighting, Johnston was wounded and replaced by Lee. Taking a more aggressive approach, Lee soon commenced an offensive against the Union troops outside Richmond. During the resulting Seven Days Battles in late June, Hood established himself as a daring, aggressive commander who led from the front. Serving under Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson, the highlight of Hoods performance during the fighting was a decisive charge by his men at the Battle of Gaines Mill on June 27. With the defeat of McClellan on the Peninsula, Hood was promoted and given command of a division under Major General James Longstreet. Taking parting the Northern Virginia Campaign, he further developed his reputation as a gifted leader of assault troops at the Second Battle of Manassas in late August. In the course of the battle, Hood and his men played a key role in Longstreets decisive attack on Major General John Popes left flank and the defeat of Union forces. The Antietam Campaign: In the wake of the battle, Hood became involved in a dispute over captured ambulances with Brigadier General Nathan G. Shanks Evans. Reluctantly placed under arrest by Longstreet, Hood was ordered to leave the army. This was countered by Lee who allowed Hood to travel with the troops as they began the invasion of Maryland. Just prior to the Battle of South Mountain, Lee returned Hood to his post after the Texas Brigade marched by chanting Give us Hood! At no point did Hood ever apologize for his conduct in the dispute with Evans. In the battle on September 14, Hood held the line at Turners Gap and covered the armys retreat to Sharpsburg. Three days later at the Battle of Antietam, Hoods division raced to the relief of Jacksons troops on the Confederate left flank. Putting in a brilliant performance, his men prevented the collapse of the Confederate left and succeeded in driving back Major General Joseph Hookers I Corps. Attacking with ferocity, the division suffered over 60% casualties in the fighting. For Hoods efforts, Jackson recommended that he be elevated to major general. Lee concurred and Hood was promoted on October 10. That December, Hood and his division were present at the Battle of Fredericksburg but saw little fighting on their front. With the arrival of spring, Hood missed the Battle of Chancellorsville as Longstreets First Corps had been detached for duty around Suffolk, VA. Gettysburg: Following the triumph at Chancellorsville, Longstreet rejoined Lee as Confederate forces again moved north. With the Battle of Gettysburg raging on July 1, 1863, Hoods division reached the battlefield late in the day. The next day, Longstreet was ordered to attack up the Emmitsburg Road and strike the Union left flank. Hood opposed the plan as it meant his troops would have to assault a boulder-strewn area known as the Devils Den. Requesting permission to move to the right to attack the Union rear, he was refused. As the advance started around 4:00 PM, Hood was badly wounded in his left arm by shrapnel. Taken from the field, Hoods arm was saved, but it remained disabled for the remainder of his life. Command of the division passed to Brigadier General Evander M. Law whose efforts to dislodge Union forces on Little Round Top failed. Chickamauga: After recuperating in Richmond, Hood was able to rejoin his men on September 18 as Longstreets corps was shifted west to aid General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee. Reporting for duty on the eve of the Battle of Chickamauga, Hood directed a series of attacks on the first day before overseeing a key assault which exploited a gap in the Union line on September 20.   This advance drove much of the Union army from the field and provided the Confederacy with one of its few signature victories in the Western Theater. In the fighting, Hood was badly wounded in the right thigh which required the leg to be subsequently amputated a few inches below the hip. For his bravery, he was promoted to lieutenant general effective that date. The Atlanta Campaign: Returning to Richmond to recover, Hood befriended Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In the spring of 1864, Hood was given command of a corps in Johnstons Army of Tennessee. Tasked with defending Atlanta from Major General William T. Sherman, Johnston conducted a defensive campaign which included frequent retreats. Angered by his superiors approach, the aggressive Hood wrote several critical letters to Davis expressing his displeasure. The Confederate president, unhappy with Johnstons lack of initiative, replaced him with Hood on July 17. Given the temporary rank of general, Hood was only thirty-three and became the youngest army commander of the war. Defeated on July 20 at the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Hood launched a series of offensive battles in an attempt to push back Sherman. Unsuccessful in each attempt, Hoods strategy only served to weaken his already out-numbered army. With no other options, Hood was compelled to abandon Atlanta on September 2. The Tennessee Campaign: As Sherman prepared for his March to the Sea, Hood and Davis planned a campaign to defeat the Union general. In this, Hood sought to move north against Shermans supply lines in Tennessee forcing him to follow. Hood then hoped to defeat Sherman before marching north to recruit men and join Lee in the siege lines at Petersburg, VA. Aware of Hoods operations to the west, Sherman dispatched Thomas Army of the Cumberland and Schofields Army of the Ohio to protect Nashville while he moved towards Savannah. Crossing into Tennessee on November 22, Hoods campaign was beset with command and communication issues. After failing to trap part of Schofields command at Spring Hill, he fought the Battle of Franklin on November 30. Assaulting a fortified Union position without artillery support, his army was badly mauled and six generals killed. Unwilling to admit defeat, he pressed on to Nashville and was routed by Thomas on December 15-16. Retreating with the remnants of his army, he resigned on January 23, 1865. Later Life: In the final days of the war, Hood was dispatched to Texas by Davis with the goal of raising a new army. Learning of Davis capture and the surrender of Texas, Hood surrendered to Union forces at Natchez, MS on May 31. After the war, Hood settled in New Orleans where he worked in insurance and as a cotton broker. Marrying, he fathered eleven children before his death from yellow fever on August 30, 1879. A gifted brigade and division commander, Hoods performance dropped as he was promoted to higher commands. Though renowned for his early successes and ferocious attacks, his failures around Atlanta and in Tennessee permanently damaged his reputation as a commander. Selected Sources Civil War Home: John Bell HoodNorth Georgia: John Bell Hood

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example However, the strategy will shift to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with the potential to eat into Nestle’s market share. The company will aggressively pursue the acquisition of SMEs within the next 7 years (The National, 2013). The company will also implement a hybrid structure combining holacracy and hierarchy that facilitate good interpersonal relations, communication, and faster promotions for the best performing employees (Revill, 2013). The entry strategy is based on excellent positioning and competitive pricing. Nestle intends to position itself as an internationally respected brand that guarantees quality products at affordable prices (Koltrowitz, 2013). Dairy products will be priced much lower than confectionaries because they have the largest markets. Baby food and nutritional products will be priced 3% lower than whatever rivals are offering (Y-Sing, 2014). Currently, the company forecasts a 6% growth in sales revenue for the first year of operation. However, the intention is to achieve a 13% steady growth in the next 5 years, followed by 15% within the next 10 years. In the first year of operation, Nestle will have a 13.5% market share. The objective is to increase market share to 27% in the next 3 years and then 50% within 4 years (Nestle, 2014). This will be supported by aggressive marketing and competitive pricing. The company would like to go public in Kuwait to raise enough money to fund its expansionist strategy (World Bakers, 2013). However, this proposal is still hampered by increasing risk levels in the Kuwaiti market. The company intends to manage this risk for the next 6 years before it goes public. Algethami, S. (2014, February 24) Nestle Middle East aims to triple sales by 2020, viewed December 2, 2014, from . InsiderMedia. (2014, November 19) Record year for overseas confectionery sales, viewed December 2, 2014, from

Tribalism and the Nation in the African Continent Essay

Tribalism and the Nation in the African Continent - Essay Example This often accompanies accusations of primitiveness that are leveled against institutions that have their origin in tribal collectives. Tribalism in its jingoistic form is harmful for the unity of a nation and its overall development. This paper shall argue against tribalism and the effects that it has upon the modern state. It shall not however, argue for the modern state in its present form which is a creation of European culture and has been imposed on the African cultures that they once had colonized. One of the main reasons as to why certain states are unable to achieve a certain kind of unity is the persistence of tribalism. This tribalism then leads to the establishment of the tyranny of a certain tribe over the other despite the existence of democratic procedures that are established with the intention of ensuring the equal distribution of power (Jason). Over the past few decades, one has witnessed an alarming rise in the number of governments that are dictatorships in Africa. This has a lot to do with tribalism as it actively promotes tribal loyalties during elections and this then takes precedence over issues of development. This then results in most parties feeling a certain kind of disillusionment regarding the very process of elections, something that would then further tip the balance of power in favor of the ruling tribes. Tribalism thus represents a conglomeration of forces that seek to topple the forces of democracy that seek to provide for a country certain forms of development. Such incidents have happened as late as in 2008 during the Kenyan elections. Such incidents are often violent and further mar the social fabric of the nation (Africa: Talking about "Tribe"). They then cause great economic and social damage that needs to be rectified through great efforts on the part of the state. This then sets the process of development back by many years. This backward step is then taken not just at the level of the economy but also at the level of the social relations that exist between the different tribes living within the same country. Writers like Ngugi wa Thiongo identify tribalism as the problem that plagues Africa. He advocates the establishment of a single collective that would then have a more or less homogenous identity. This identity would be created following an elaborate process of decolonization that would result in the establishment of a more authentic identity (Thiongo). Even within such a framework, development is envisaged in a rath er Western framework. This is not to say that there is no African framework of development but to demonstrate the woeful lack of research in this area. If one is to posit arguments against such a thesis of nationalism against tribalism. Writers like Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni attempt to complicate the problem by introducing pre-colonial and colonial perspectives that then serve to absolve tribalism of the guilt that it would have to shoulder as far as the lack of development is concerned. Ndlovu-Gatsheni looks at the different factors that affect development in areas that are affected by tribalism and ascribes the underdeveloped states of these areas as products of history (167-9). Such analyses fail to locate the root of the problem and consequently only manage to create a sense of the inevitable as far as the existence of the problem is concerned. The historical angle of the problem, while it needs to be argued, also needs to be looked upon as something that leads to a solution and not just presenting an analysis of the situation as it arrived. It is

Of personality, perception and attitude Essay Example for Free

Of personality, perception and attitude Essay All references material has been cited from the books the University of Wales online library. Any other internet source quoted is with the permission of the module tutor. | NA| Are the references in the text in the proper format as indicated in the â€Å"Guidelines to Writing Assignments†| Yes| Declaration: All material written in this assignment is my own and I have not used any material, content or information of others claiming them to be mine. Wherever materials have been used, proper citation has been done in the text. I am fully aware of the rules and regulations governing plagiarism. Should at any point of time my work be suspected/investigated and established to have been plagiarized, I am aware of the consequences. I have read the Student’s Handbook in detail. ___________________ Signature of the studentDate: 24-08-2010 Introduction This assignment is dealing with the Development of personality, perceptions and attitude. This will help to understand how the employs and customers thinking, that helps us to make correct decision and to develop our business. Also by this we can make our personality and attitude in the right way. Analyzing a case study of â€Å"Sayyed’s† is also included for analyzing and discussing his personality and attitude in his certain lifetime. Explained the relevance of values and beliefs in Organizational life and also if the values/ beliefs can be changed is also included in this study. Attitudes in Organisational Life The importance of attitude of the individuals in an organisation is tremendous. A human resource manager must be able to identify, categorize and mould attitudes as far as possible. The employees come from different social and financial backgrounds. Even if two people belong to the same family, there can be a big difference between their attitudes. The way a person performs a task may differ according to the type of attitude he possesses. What is attitude? First of all, let us try to understand the importance of attitude in an individual’s personal life. An attitude means a positive or a negative evaluation of some object – a thing, a person, a place or an environment. A person can be ambivalent towards an object by possessing both a negative and positive attitude. It is totally upto the individual to decide what his attitude towards life should. There is also scope for change in attitudes. The right type of learning at an early age can lead to tremendous changes in attitudes. For a person to be successful in his personal and public life he should adopt the most balanced attitude: positive at the right time and negative at others. In an organization too, the employee’s attitude is very important. Compared to one’s personal life, an employee has to interact with many other employees to achieve an organizational goal. If, for example, an employee who works in a restaurant has a negative attitude towards selling energy drinks and while others are strongly supportive of it, he may have unnecessary fallout with them. Attitudes can be changed using two tools: Education and Experience. The basis of this statement is that our attitudes are based on some sort of ‘belief’. We shape our beliefs in the course of our lives and we may grow biased against something due to this belief. Research suggests that attitudes can be changed by regulating and modifying behaviour. If employees of an organization are made to repeatedly greet their customers with a smile, the employees may indeed think that being friendly with customers is very important. Through education, employees can be alerted of their negative attitudes and the right attitudes to be followed in a situation. Employees can also be provided with attitude changing experience with which they can think in a new and positive way. The fact about an organizational life is that, there are rules which are laid down in an organization which have to be followed. Under such a circumstance, an employee will make a definite effort to change his attitude sooner or later, instead of suffering consequences. In the case of Sayyed, it is quite evident how his attitudes towards certain objects like his parents and education took a looping turn as a result of various events in his life. He was very much attached to his mother at a very young age. But his failure to get through medical entrance in Poona, sent him spiralling into a situation of apathy and self ridicule. He started hating his parents for not having money to get him a seat in a medical college. He started fighting with them and started demanding money incessantly. He wanted to escape from the truth that only he was to be blamed for his failure. His attitude towards education too underwent many changes as a result of other failures and disappointments in life. He was exposed to a different atmosphere when his father got a better job in Poona. Though their family could afford little luxuries like cinemas in the weekend, his father forced him to study. Sayyed purposely stopped studying in retaliation to his father. Further on, his very bad performance in his S. S. C. Exams led in shattering his ego, and for a very long time he had an indifferent attitude towards education. Importance of Values in an Organisation Compared to attitudes, values are a little more constant. It is something we acquire at a very young age and we go to carry it on throughout the rest of our lives. It is usually something taught to us by our parents, our elders, our teachers, our spiritual leaders or some profound experience in life. Values may pertain to friendship, helping others, hard work, honesty, conservation of money, hospitality etc. All our day to day decisions are centred on our values and beliefs. Our attitudes are also shaped by our values and beliefs. What exactly are our values and why are they so significant in an organization? Values are principles, standards, or qualities you consider worthwhile or desirable. Values will vary greatly from person to person because they depend on one’s personal judgment. They are the foundation of much of our psycho-behavioral makeup. Why we act the way we do, why we talk the way we do and why we react the way we do is all dependant on our values. Our relationships, our choices, our behaviours are all shaped by these values. Even though these are invisible to us, these still affect every aspect of our life. An organisation too has a set of values, which are usually a prominent piece in its marketing or advertising content. At the outside, these values may seem to be very altruistic, but the truth is that the organisation may sidetrack from these values time and again for personal benefit. Even at a smaller level, which is at the level of an employee, values claim a very major role. It decides how the employee works, takes decisions and measures success. Organizational values establish standards of behavior, which serve to encourage or discourage certain behaviors. In other words organizational values help people to identify priorities at workplace. Putting the values in writing is important and more important is to create common understanding of the values in the organization. Leaders must clearly communicate why the value is important for achievement of goals. The credo statement clearly articulates organization’s responsibility towards each of the stakeholder. In Sayyed’s case, we may be able to a core set of values that has helped him make judgments and take decision in his life. A lot of his decisions and his general outlook were based on a small incident in his childhood, the one about the Californian grapes. This incident led him to understand the importance of hard work. This also made him give priority to being successful and famous. It made him feel that going to the US was important for a man’s success. His ultimate aim for an extended period of his life was to go to the US, though he never made it. He never recognized the play of luck or chance in his life. A lot of incidents happened not as a result of his own doing. Failing to recognize this, he blamed himself and the people around him for the consequences. Wading in the disappointment, he never made an attempt to revaluate his life or to stand back again. But the childhood values of hard work and success were always buried in his psyche. These values sprang up as soon as he joined for B. Sc, consequently after facing a failure in Poona. He got his admission in XLRI, but was rejected admission in UCLA, California. By that time, he had gained some emotional maturity to understand that this was a tremendous success and not a failure. Various Theory of Personality The more we understand about personality, the better able to judge what motivates people and our self. The more we understand about our own personality and that of other people, the better able to realize how others perceive you, and how they react to your own personality and style. Used appropriately, psychometrics and personality tests can be hugely beneficial in improving knowledge of self and other people motivations, strengths, weaknesses, preferred thinking and working styles, and also strengths and preferred styles for communications, learning, management, being managed, and team-working. The ability to adapt or bring into play different personal styles in response to different situations is arguably the most powerful capability that anyone can possess. Understanding personality models such as the Four Temperaments is therefore of direct help in achieving such personal awareness and adaptability. Understanding personality helps you recognize behavior and type in others and yourself. Recognizing behavior is an obvious pre-requisite for adapting behavior in yourself, and in helping others to adapt too. The Four Temperaments; also known as the Four Humors, is questionably the oldest of all personality profiling systems, and it is fascinating that there are so many echoes of these ancient ideas found in modern psychology. The Four Temperaments ideas can be traced back to the traditions of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations over 5,000 years ago, in which the health of the body was connected with the elements, fire, water, earth and air, which in turn were related to body organs, fluids, and treatments. Some of this thinking survives today in traditional Eastern ideas and medicine. Four Temperaments earliest origins Ezekiel c. 590BC | Hippocrates c. 370BC | lion| bold| blood| cheerful| ox| sturdy| black bile| somber| man| humane| yellow bile| enthusiastic|eagle| far-seeing| phlegm| calm| Four Temperaments or Four Humors, The words in this framework (from Hippocrates onwards) can be seen as possible describing words for each of the temperaments concerned, although do not attach precise significance to any of the words they are guide only and not definitive or scientifically reliable. The correlations prior to Hippocrates are far less reliable and included here more for interest than for scientific relevance. In Sayyed’s case, we may be able to a core set of values that has helped him make judgments and take decision in his life. A lot of his decisions and his general outlook were based on a small incident in his childhood, the one about the Californian grapes. This incident led to a group in four temperaments. Conclusion By this assignment we can conclude that about the importance of Developing the Personality, Perceptions and Attitudes, and the ways to develop that. Also this report went through the relevance of attitudes in Organisational life that helps to run a company. Then it explains about the relevance of values and beliefs in Organisational life.

Essay --

Objective: Providing community-based mental health services is crucial and is an agreed plan between Iran Mental Health Office and Eastern Mediterranean Region. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of home-visit clinical case-management services on the hospitalization rate and other clinical outcomes in patients with severe mental illness. Methods: One hundred eighty two patients were randomly allocated in to three groups ; home visit (n = 60), telephone follow-up (n = 61) and as-usual care group (n = 61).Trained nurses as clinical case-managers were provided home-visit services and the telephone follow-up tasks. Hospitalization rate as a measure of recurrence, as well as burden, knowledge, and general health condition of care givers, with positive/negative symptoms, satisfaction, quality of life and social skills of the consumers were assessed as main and secondary outcomes respectively. Results: Most clinical variables were improved in both interventional groups compared with control group. During the one year follow-up, the rate of re-hospitalization were 1.5 and 2.5 times more than home-visit group for telephone follow-up and as-usual group respectively. Conclusion: Single clinical case-managers are able to provide continuous care services for patients with severe mental illness. The telephone follow-up services also could have beneficiary outcome for the consumers, their caregivers and health system network. Key words: Case-management, Caregivers, Hospitalization, Mental illness Registered in IRCT.ir, with ID : IRCT201110261959N5 Introduction Since 1950, with the â€Å"deinstitutionalization† trend in the developed industrial nations, large size psychiatric hospitals were shut down and were subs... ...at in our social and cultural conditions, clinical case-management service is able to reduce the re-hospitalization and improve the clinical outcomes of the individuals who are suffering from severe mental illness. Also, the telephone follow-up services could have beneficiary outcome for the consumers, their caregivers and health system network. The results of current study has shown that an individual trained case manager is capable to provide effective service which is more compatible with the socio-economic condition of our society as a low middle income country. Although a few patients who needs community based cares are receiving such services by a team organized by Welfare organization ( such as general physicians, psychologist, and social worker), but it could be cost-benefit in our country in which the acute psychiatric beds are less than required. Essay -- Objective: Providing community-based mental health services is crucial and is an agreed plan between Iran Mental Health Office and Eastern Mediterranean Region. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of home-visit clinical case-management services on the hospitalization rate and other clinical outcomes in patients with severe mental illness. Methods: One hundred eighty two patients were randomly allocated in to three groups ; home visit (n = 60), telephone follow-up (n = 61) and as-usual care group (n = 61).Trained nurses as clinical case-managers were provided home-visit services and the telephone follow-up tasks. Hospitalization rate as a measure of recurrence, as well as burden, knowledge, and general health condition of care givers, with positive/negative symptoms, satisfaction, quality of life and social skills of the consumers were assessed as main and secondary outcomes respectively. Results: Most clinical variables were improved in both interventional groups compared with control group. During the one year follow-up, the rate of re-hospitalization were 1.5 and 2.5 times more than home-visit group for telephone follow-up and as-usual group respectively. Conclusion: Single clinical case-managers are able to provide continuous care services for patients with severe mental illness. The telephone follow-up services also could have beneficiary outcome for the consumers, their caregivers and health system network. Key words: Case-management, Caregivers, Hospitalization, Mental illness Registered in IRCT.ir, with ID : IRCT201110261959N5 Introduction Since 1950, with the â€Å"deinstitutionalization† trend in the developed industrial nations, large size psychiatric hospitals were shut down and were subs... ...at in our social and cultural conditions, clinical case-management service is able to reduce the re-hospitalization and improve the clinical outcomes of the individuals who are suffering from severe mental illness. Also, the telephone follow-up services could have beneficiary outcome for the consumers, their caregivers and health system network. The results of current study has shown that an individual trained case manager is capable to provide effective service which is more compatible with the socio-economic condition of our society as a low middle income country. Although a few patients who needs community based cares are receiving such services by a team organized by Welfare organization ( such as general physicians, psychologist, and social worker), but it could be cost-benefit in our country in which the acute psychiatric beds are less than required.

Cost, Access, and Quality Essay

*Access to care may be defined as the timely use of needed, affordable, convenient, acceptable, and effective personal health services. Accessibility refers to the fit between the location of a provider and the location of patients. *Administrative costs are costs associated with the management of the financing, insurance, delivery, and payment functions. These costs include management of the enrollment process, setting up contracts with providers, claims processing, utilization monitoring, denials and appeals, and marketing and promotional expenses. *An all-payer system requires the participation of all major health care payers in a nationwide cost-containment program. APG stands for ambulatory patient groups, which are based on a patient classification and payment system designed to identify and explain the amount and type of resources used in an ambulatory visit. Patients in an APG have similar clinical characteristics, similar resource use, and similar cost. *Clinical practice guidelines (also called â€Å"medical practice guidelines†) are explicit descriptions representing preferred clinical processes. They are standardized guidelines in the form of scientifically established protocols designed to guide physicians’ clinical decisions. *Competition refers to rivalry among sellers for customers. In health care delivery, it means that providers of health care services would try to attract patients who have the ability to choose from several different providers. Although competition more commonly refers to price competition, it may also be based on technical quality, amenities, access, or other factors. *Cost-efficiency evaluates the relationship between increasing medical expenditures/risks and improvements in health levels. A service is cost-efficient when the benefit received is greater than the cost incurred in providing the service or the potential health risks from additional services. *Cost shifting refers to the ability of providers to make up for lost revenues in one area by increasing utilization or charging higher prices in other areas. *Critical pathways are case specific plans of medical care that identify along a time line w ho will provide what interventions and what the expected outcomes would be. *Demand-side incentives refer to the cost-sharing mechanisms that place a larger cost burden on consumers, thus encouraging consumers to be more cost conscious in selecting the insurance plan that best serves their needs and more judicious in their utilization. *Defensive medicine is the practice of medicine that involves prescribing tests and services that are not medically justified but are likely to protect physicians against possible malpractice lawsuits. *Fraud involves a knowing disregard for the truth. It generally occurs when billing claims or cost reports are intentionally falsified. It includes pro vision of ser vices that are not medically necessary and billing for ser vices that were not provided. *Outcome is the end result obtained from utilizing the structure and processes of health care delivery. Outcomes are often viewed as the bottom-line measure of the effectiveness of the health care delivery system. *Overutilization occurs when the costs or risks of treatment outweigh the benefits and yet additional care is delivered. *The term peer review refers to the general process of medical review of utilization and quality w hen it is carried out directly or under the supervision of physicians. *PRO stands for peer review organization. PROs are state-wide private organizations composed of practicing physicians and other health care professionals who are paid by the federal government to review the care provided to Medicare beneficiaries to determine whether care is reasonable, necessary, and provided in the most appropriate setting. *Quality has been defined as the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. *Quality assessment refers to the measurement of quality against an established standard. *Quality assurance is a step beyond quality assessment and is synonymous with quality improvement. It is the process of institutionalizing quality through ongoing assessment and using the results of assessment for continuous quality improvement (CQI). *Reliability reflects the extent to which the same results occur from repeated applications of a measure. *Risk management consists of proactive efforts to prevent adverse events related to clinical care and facilities operations and is especially focused on avoiding medical malpractice. *Small area variations refer to the unexplained variations in the treatment patterns for similar patients and health conditions in different parts of the country. *Supply-side regulation typically refers to antitrust laws in the U.S., which  prohibit business practices that stifle competition among providers, such as price fixing, price discrimination, exclusive contracting arrangements, and mergers deemed anticompetitive by the Department of Justice. *A top-down control over total health expenditures establishes budgets for entire sectors of the health care delivery system. Funds are distributed to providers in accordance with these global budgets. Thus, total spending remains within pre-established budget limits. The downside to this approach is that, under fixed budgets, providers are not as responsive to patient needs, and the system provides little incentive to be efficient in the delivery of services. Once budgets are expended, providers are forced to cut back services, particularly for illnesses that are not life-threatening or do not represent an emergency. *TQM stands for total quality management and is synonymous with continuous quality improvement (CQI). It is an integrative management concept of continuously improving the quality of delivered goods and services through the participation of all levels and functions of the organization to meet the needs and expectations of the customer. *Underutilization occurs when the benefits of an intervention outweigh the risks or costs, yet the intervention is not used. *The validity of a scale is the extent to which it actually assesses what it purports to measure. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What are the two main objectives of this chapter? 2. What are the three major cornerstones of health care delivery? 3. What is meant by the term â€Å"health care costs†? Describe the three different meanings of the term ‘cost.’ 4. Why should the United States control the rising costs of health care? 5. Name and describe the 9 major factors contributing to the high costs of health care. 6. What is a third-party payment/reimbursement? 7. Explain how, under imperfect market conditions, both prices and quantity of health care are higher than they would be in a highly competitive market. 8. Discuss price controls and their effectiveness in controlling health care expenditures. 9. Discuss the role of PROs (peer review organizations) in cost containment. 10. What are the two competition-based cost-containment strategies? 11. What does access to care mean? 12. What are the implications of access for health and healthcare delivery? 13. What is the role of enabling and predisposing factors in access to care? 14. What are some of the implications of the definition of quality proposed by the Institute of Medicine? In what way is the definition incomplete? 15. Discuss the dimensions of quality from the micro- and macro-perspectives. 16. Discuss the main developments in process improvement that have occurred in recent years.

Can money buy happiness Essay

Happiness is a feeling we have for many reasons. Many objects and materials can provide the happiness many humans desire. Money can and have fulfilled that happiness which one lacks for many years. There are many ways I think money does buy happiness. Money increases quality of life in which buys happiness. This is only true if one lives within his means, lives a modest lift style and pursues happiness the right way. I think most people believe happiness is bought in a store. People overestimate how much pleasure they’ll get when they buy luxurious things. We really don’t need all these extravagant luxuries around use. Are they necessities of life? Are they just things to show one’s vanity? Or are they just trying to keep up with the Jones sort of speak. There are different classes of people; welfare, working, middle, and upper class. The welfare classes are not working or can’t find work; their bare minimal needs might be met. Do you think there is any quality of life for that family? Yes there is some food on the table and they may all live in a small apartment. What about the quality and quantity of those conditions? The working classes are working so hard sometimes 2 and 3 jobs struggling just to get buy. The whole time hoping that some day they could make enough to enjoy some of the good things life has to offer; time with family and friends, traveling, health, quality food and shelter. So yes I believe money can buy happiness if managed the right way. All things considered, does it make good sense for people in society to pursue monetary income or wealth? I believe it makes sense for people to pursue monetary income first; the wealth will come later. â€Å"Happiness is an ongoing project, not something that can be accomplished once and for all by earning more money, marrying the love of your life, having wonderful children (Dunn & Gilbert, 2011). But people adapt too quickly to the benefits that come with wealth and take them for granted. They must continuously pursue happiness of making more money to buy more things. Happiness is the psychological condition that results from the achievement  of one’s values. Values are ends that a person acts to gain and or keep. They are those things that a person cares about having or doing â€Å"cares† in the robust sense that he or she is willing to act to secure them. Values can be material or spiritual. Food, clothes, eye wear, a car, a house all of these would be material values. â€Å"Spiritual† values are those that pertain to a person’s consciousness. Spiritual values encompass things like knowledge, beauty, self-esteem, mental health or rewarding work. While spiritual values may take material form, their value depends primarily on their relation to the needs of a person’s consciousness. Money is an opportunity for happiness in today’s society. Many people use money to meet many of their needs. Vanity is now a major factor in the world. Buying materialistic things is an instant feeling of happiness. Money’s power to expand a person’s options is the heart of its contribution to happiness. An individual might value spending one’s life as a writer but unable to sustain an acceptable income writing. More money and the time it buys, makes a pursuit a greater possibility. A person might value being engaged with their children while they are young, or peace of mind about their retirement; more money makes these possibilities easier. One of the things these examples make plain is that money is important not only to fulfill physical desires or to acquire material goods. It is also critical for the spiritual values. Money facilitates the achievement of all values, spiritual as well as material. Money buys good and money buys time. Money buys autonomy to mold one’s life in the image of one’s ideal. Money nourishes happiness by helping a person to achieve the values that happiness is made of. Like many things, money can be put to poor uses. Yet money can also be put to wonder uses, including the greatest: experiences joy in living. That fact has got to be acknowledging if people are to embrace money unapologetically, as they must if they are to attain sufficient control over their lives to realize their ends and fulfill their dreams. The truth is clichà © that money can buy happiness is that happiness is not easy. Money does not offer short cuts around this fact. It is important to appreciate the danger of how money can’t buy happiness, however. On one level it is simply bad advice, which is counterproductive to individual’s happiness. Economists use the term utility to represent a measure of the satisfaction or happiness that individuals get from the consumption of goods and services. Because a higher income can allow one to consume more goods and services, we say that utility increases with income. But does greater income and consumption really translate into greater happiness? However consumption effect tells us that more consumption of goods and services will increase happiness. At least to a degree, we see that money can buy happiness. Based on research I found that money does not increase the happiness because as income increases the person behavior of preferences or satisfaction changes and will result is diminishing income. Research also showed that the more money one earned in an annual salary, one will spend more for the desires in which one has. Happiness can be easily out weighted by the loss of a family member, or cancer that may not be cured or removed. Money brings people happiness in numerous ways. I believe that money can provide one with live. Some people say that without love there is no happiness. On the contrary there is love in money. Others might involve themselves into one life only because the person has money, but they are expressing their love none the less. For example like when a woman falls in love with a man’s personality or anything else she may like about him. The man with a lot of money can lose all his wealth at any time, just like he can lose his personality, a career, looks or even a hairstyle. What people fail to realized is that money can bring happiness, whether or not its material objects. People tend not to like the phrase â€Å"money can bring happiness† not everyone can have a lot of money. Only about 3% of Americans make over $250,000 a year searching happiness through money is not the easiest route. So people  tend to simply deny the phrase, by saying that being rich makes people greedy and heartless. People are often frustrated with the rich because while they work diligently, they view the rich as those who sign a couple of papers and can continue to sit in their gold encrusted chairs, resting with their feet in the air. Because of this, the other 97% of the world say that the rich are miserable, as a way to feel better about themselves. Truth is money does bring happiness, one way or another. In conclusion, evidences suggest that an increase in income and consumption does not appreciably increase happiness. However, due to relative income effect, people still engage in the rat race for making more money. But as a person’s income increases over time, a person’s expectations increase as well, therefore they aspire to having higher incomes. To the extent that satisfaction is tied to whether those aspirations are met, satisfaction may not increase as income grows over time. It is possible that the relationship between income and satisfaction goes two ways; although higher income generates more satisfaction, greater satisfaction offers greater motivation for individuals to work hard and generate a higher income.

Mental Illness Essays - Medical Ethics, Abnormal Psychology

Mental Illness Essays - Medical Ethics, Abnormal Psychology Mental Illness Eng. 201 Essay #1 Persuasive Essay Wisconsin has a problem on its hands and it is not being dealt with in the right manner. The problem keeps getting bigger and bigger everyday. Instead of giving treatment to the mentally ill, hospital facilities have pushed thousands of mentally ill people on to the street. The idea behind this is to give those with mental illness, a freedom that has been taken from them since they were institutionalized. This plan has a lot of great qualities that would help a lot of people. But there are some serious repercussions because of it. The problem is simple; the law that released thousands of mentally ill people is too vague. The law should have put the individual hospital in charge of stating who is safe to live in the general public, and who is not yet ready. The term mental illness stands for a vast variety of illnesses. This could be anything from chronic depression, schizophrenia, or even posttraumatic stress; the list goes on and on. Some disorders cause people to have unexpected mood swings. Collins a Lt on the police force said We dont know what they will do from one minute to the next(14a) This causes a cycle to start forming in which the individual(s) goes in and out of prisons. Like it did to Karen Grayson who is expects to get out sometime this month. She blames her crimes on her disease along with two psychiatrists, a judge, and three psychologists. Collins states We take them out to the county health complex to get them some help, only to be turned away. They say theyve got no room. Often, we have no choice but to arrest them(14a). This only makes the situation that much worse. Karen sits there, growing sicker and sicker(Gene Braaksma 14a) Now theyre stuck in a place that not only makes their disease worse but also doesnt have the right facilities or staff to help control the illness. The 42% of mentally ill prisoners held in Wisconsins maximum-security prisons receive limited care for their dieses. One of the worst things you can do for a mentally ill person is take them out of society. This will only cause the illness to worsen at a quicker pace. Chances are if you stick a mentally ill person in todays prison they will spend less time interacting with others and more time by themselves. Statistics will show that this cycle keeps growing and growing. This is a huge factor of overpopulation in prisons. Politicians had the right idea but jumped to quickly on the matter, rather then thinking through all the repercussions. Many of the patents released are doing well I would think, enjoying their new freedoms. I think the law should have taken into consideration each disease and its affect on the individual. What I mean by this is, two individual can react differently to the same disease. This is depending on the strength of the disease, the individuals background, and if the individual has any other mental illnesses.

Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God

Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God The Kitchen God is assigned by Yu Huang, the emperor of heaven, to watch over each family and record what they do throughout the year. A paper picture of the Kitchen God is hung in a prominent location in the kitchen. Each year during Chinese New Year, the Kitchen God returns to heaven to report on what the family has done throughout the year. The family has a thank you dinner in which a bowl of sticky rice is placed in front of the Kitchen God. It is believed that if the Kitchen God’s mouth is full of glutinous rice, he will not be able to speak about the family’s activities. Others give glutinous rice balls served in sugar soup and brown sugar bars as a bribe for the Kitchen God to say favorable things about the family. After the thank you dinner, the picture of the Kitchen God is burned and thereby sent back to heaven. A new picture of the Kitchen God is hung in the kitchen after the start of Chinese New Year festivities.

Answer two question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer two question - Essay Example In the pursuit of the church to bring back to the faith in Christianity, the religious institution has hired artists to create artworks that are filled with intense emotions. This can be seen on how one of the premier painters, Michelangelo Caravaggio used diagonal lines and painterly techniques, especially the chiaroscuro, to provide depth, emotions and sensuality in his paintings. One of the noticeable paintings is the Supper at Emmaus. In this case, there is a realistic portrayal of the narrative of the last supper, which is a clear diversion from the traditional linear perspective presentation. In the paintings, it can be seen that the image is taken as a complete whole. If one of the elements is taken away, it loses it the essence. Another common property of these artworks is to extend the artworks confinement beyond the canvas. This can be seen also in the way sculpture and architecture interacted to convey the intensity of emotions that totally redefined views on art. Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s work Esctasy of St. Theresa is one the groundbreaking artworks of the said period that shows a religious subject matter that was conveyed in a highly emotional composition. In this sculpture, the light shows the angel’s role as messenger by carrying an arrow to be used as a piercer for St. Theresa’s heart. Inasmuch, the suspended emotions of St. Theresa, in a state of ecstasy creates awe because of her reclining form and expression of an intense emotion as a response to the angel’s gestures. At the same time, the sculpture interacts with the architecture because it can be seen as an altar. It can be seen that flow or movement present in the artworks, together with the way they are situated posits intense emotionality. The traditional, religious images (having halos and other divine attributes) have been converted into

Mass Spectrometry and HPLC of peptides Lab Report

Mass Spectrometry and HPLC of peptides - Lab Report Example The mass of the protonated and solvated molecules pass through the mass analyzer that establishes the mass of the analyte. Reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography relies on the reversible water-hating associations between the molecules of the solute present in a polar mobile phase and the immobilised hydrophobic ligand in the solid support to effect separation (David 2001). The dispersal of the solute between the two phases is a function of the binding attributes of the medium, the polarity of the solute and the constituents of the mobile phase. The polarity of the mobile phase is lowered by the addition of organic solvents, which minimize the hydrophobic associations between the solute and the stationary phase hence causing desorption. Hydrophobic molecules end up spending more time on the solid support hence requiring a high solvent concentration to promote desorption. The mass to charge ratio (m/z) is the proportion of the mass of a substance to the number of ions present in a substance. This value is obtained sing the formula m/z = (MW + nH+)/n where m/z = the mass-to-charge ratio, which is indicated on the axis of the spectrum; MW is the molecular mass of the sample; n is the integer number of charges on the ions and H is the mass of a proton, which is equivalent to 1.008 Da. The above equation can be used to find the molecular weight of a sample provided that the sum of charges on an ion is established. The m/z value is read from the spectrum and substituted into the equation. Usually, during the calculation of charge, it is assumed that any two adjacent members in the sequence of multiplied charged ions differ by one charge. The mass of charge ratio (m/z) of large molecules such as ionised proteins, for example, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin is obtained in the same manner as described. The charge of the ion is found by monitoring adjacent charge states and substituted into the above equation alongside the m/z ratio that

John Heartfield Photomontages and Marxism Essay

John Heartfield Photomontages and Marxism - Essay Example To understand this relationship between Marx and Heartfield, this paper will provide some background into Heartfield’s work and the Weimar Republic before analyzing three of Heartfield’s works in light of Karl Marx’s â€Å"The German Ideology.† Within the language of his art, Heartfield created photographic symbols for the various political parties. He included such images as clenched fists, raised arms and open hands to show the strong actions and determined nature of the men in the various parties to do what they felt was important. Rather than going out and working to take his own photographs, Heartfield opted to take recognizable photographs from the mainstream press and reassemble them in such a way as to change the meaning of the image to what he envisioned. Most of his images appeared in the magazine Die Arbeiter-Illustrierte Zeitung (Worker’s Illustrated Magazine or AIZ). To make his meanings as clear as possible, Heartfield stuck to a minimalist style, restricting himself to only a few telling images in each piece, thus becoming a father of the modern and postmodern movements. The Weimar Republic, a convenient name developed by scholars to distinguish the political situation in Germany between the two world wars, was characterized by violent social upheaval. The country had been led for more than 40 years by the military and was suddenly forced, with the loss of World War I, to accept a civilian government. However, the large numbers of soldiers returning from the war, an unstable idea of how civil government should be constructed as well as a general non-acceptance of this type of government led to chaos within Germany. Several councils were put in place by the soldiers and workers of Germany. These councils led to the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II, the establishment of a socialist nation and the creation of a parliamentary-led governmental system that acted more like a dictatorship. The general

Middle Range Nursing Theory

Middle Range Nursing Theory Contents Introduction Middle Range Nursing Theory Overview of a Nursing Theorist Nursing Meta-paradigm Importance of Middle Range Theory How Will This Theory Improve Nursing Practice? Conclusion References Introduction The nursing theories help in describing the various aspects of the nursing profession and here the middle range nursing theory is discussed which however has a limited scope but provides the best of knowledge for the particular profession. The interest increases in the middle range of nursing theory as the concepts of an individual are been cleared or justified. The practice paper covers range of topics that can be helpful for others and the topics include the succinct description of the middle range nursing theory, then an overview of the nursing theorist is provided to tell what the background is? Following are the perspectives about the health, environment, patients and the nursing. The importance of middle range nursing theories for the new students and the improvement while using this theory clearly states that the students can improve their nursing practice using this theory. And in the end the paper is finally concluded with main key points discussed in the paper (Mary Jane Sm ith, 2008). There are different types of theories, such as, Grand Nursing theory (haves the widest scope and provides general concept but does not allow to do empirical testing and eventually restricts from giving explanation or prediction of situations), Middle Range Nursing Theory (has a narrow scope and connects the two other theories, provide suggestions on a lower level and provides the surety of research based work and nursing practice) and Nursing Practice Theories (has the most limited scope and can be used only for a small range of situations, provides framework, predictions and impact of nursing practice). Middle Range Nursing Theory Middle range nursing theory offers the concrete basis for the handling complex situations. It is narrowly described phenomenon compared to the Grand Nursing theory. It provides less abstract and greater empirical testing along with more specific phenomenon. In this nursing theory, descriptions along with prediction and explanations put forward to answer the queries that are not covered in other theory of nursing practice. This theory provides the perspectives that trains the students to handling the complex and emergency situations and also helps for the nursing interventions. This theory is more applicable in situations where explanations and implementations are needed in nursing practice. Middle range nursing theories are a sub-division of nursing discipline that focuses on potential knowledge of the discipline by expanding the phenomenon related to health care of patients. The middle range nursing theory is defined precisely with the help of ladder of abstraction that states the abstraction level decreases as we come down the ladder and but the conciseness is increased (empirical level), and exactly opposite happens while moving towards the philosophical level. The middle range nursing theory is a sub-division of the empirical level (Sandra J. Peterson, 2009). Overview of a Nursing Theorist Kristen Swanson nursing theory provides the background for the issues related to pregnancy. Kristen Swanson obtained her nursing degree from the University of Rhode Island in the year of 1975 and the master’s degree in the year of 1978. The Swanson theory of nursing takes necessary measures that deal with the miscarriages in pregnancy. The Swanson Theory of Caring encompasses around the counseling for the parents and their families after the miscarriages. The theory involves the combination of techniques that deal with the sociocultural effects which rise after a baby’s loss. This theory provides the overview of aspects which are just beyond to the physical status of the patient. These aspects are considered by the health care professionals to enhance the emotional recovery of the mother and father both, due to miscarriage or abortion. The theory’s basis is laid on the study and research of Dr. Kristen Swanson which focused the issues faced by the parents and families in the women’s pregnancy. The theory provides a platform on which the potential healing of the parents can be done. The researches by the theorist have been incorporating educational models and practices of other physicians all over the country (Ahmed, 2006). Nursing Meta-paradigm The nursing meta-paradigm is the huge models that represent the clear relationship between the current theoretical nursing practices. Presently many of the nursing practices are considered for acquiring the relationship between the four main components of the meta-paradigm. (Parker, 2006). The four major meta-paradigms in the nursing profession are as follows: Person: who are the people that receive the nursing care, this paradigm can be the ill individual who is treated like a subject in the process of treatment. The individual has a constant changing process that takes place between him and his environment. Receivers of the health care from nursing can be a sick person or whole families or any community. Health: that is defined as the level of wellness of an individual. It is dynamic process which is described by the individual all over the life span. The main focuses on the subject’s health are laid on the nature of physical, aesthetic, social and ethical territories. Illness or sickness is defined as the experience of an individual who faced dysfunctions originated due to health care. The level of a person’s health is an expression of the common interacting processes that take place between the individual and their environment. Environment: it corresponds to the internal and external factors that influence the level or degree of health an individual possess. It refers to the impact of geographical and landscape on the individual. Dimensions that may cause harm to the individual include the impact of physiological, psychological, economic and social, cultural, historical, and developmental factors that are prevalent in the society where the individual lives. Nursing: it is the profession that provides the health care facilities in the hospitals. The nursing interventions render care to support the ill patient. These four concepts of the nursing meta-paradigm make up a complete directional understanding of the profession. These four concepts embed the basic knowledge of nursing theory, philosophy, education, research and experience of the nursing profession. Importance of Middle Range Theory Nursing theories provides the principles that underpin the new student’s nursing practices and help generating nursing knowledge (Colley, 2003). The middle range nursing theory is important for the students of nursing because it provides a middle reality view and more specifically generalized practice areas for the nurses. It also provides the nurses with concrete ideas which however are limited but very useful for them. In middle range nursing theory, the characteristics of the propositions are clearly stated due to which a better decision can be made for the health care of patient. The middle range nursing theory provides the level of testability which may generate a test hypothesis. Since the development of middle range nursing theory is from the Grand nursing theory and the nursing practice theory, the theory consists of all the literature review and clinical practices and guidelines that should be followed by the nurses. How Will This Theory Improve Nursing Practice? The middle range theory for nursing is very important for the nurses and therefore, the nursing practice can be improved with this theory. The focuses that are laid by this theory, develops the concrete and conceptual framework of ideas in the nurses with which they can practice their profession efficiently. The scope that is covered by the middle range nursing theory is, however, limited but still the ideas and literature that it consist has concreteness in it which helps in the improvement of the nursing practice. Conclusion By providing nurses with a sense of identification, the middle range nursing theory can help the subjects and the nurses (which are the health care professionals) to identify the particular contribution that should be made to the health care center and the patients too. Providing the nurses with adequate knowledge and guidance according to the principles laid by the middle range nursing theory will help to improve the standards of their practice and also the health of the patient. The four basic components of the nursing meta-paradigm play a significant role, in developing good middle range nurses that tell the relationship between the person, health and environment with the nurses. The middle range nursing theory provides the generalized and conceptual development of the characteristics that lays the basis of the formation of good middle range nurses practicing in the health care centers to provide health care facilities with effective results. References Ahmed, D. S. (2006). Theories and models of nursing practice. Journal of Nursing, 5-7. Colley, S. (2003). Nursing theory: its importance to practice. Journal of National Institute of Health, 33-37. Mary Jane Smith, P. R. (2008). Middle Range Nursing theory. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Parker, M. E. (2006). Nursing theories nursing practice . Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Sandra J. Peterson, T. S. (2009). Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.